Report on Himalaya herbal healthcare

Report on Himalaya herbal healthcare The global medical industry is one of the worlds fastest growing industries, absorbing over 10% of gross domestic product of most developed nations. It constitutes of broad services offered by various hospitals, physicians, nursing homes, diagnostic laboratories, pharmacies and ably supported by drugs, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, medical equipment, manufacturers and suppliers. The medical and health care industry provides enormous employment opportunities to choose from. Apart from using the services of medical professionals, this industry also utilizes the expert services of public policy workers, medical writers, clinical research lab workers, IT professionals, sales/marketing professionals and health insurance providers. SIZE OF THE INDUSTRY The United States of America has one of the largest medical and healthcare industries in the world, followed by Switzerland and Germany. The USAs medical industry comprises of more than 750,000 physicians and 5,200 hospitals. USA witnesses approximately 3.8 million inpatient visits and 20 million outpatients visit on a daily basis. Furthermore, the United States of America has the largest workforce i.e. one in every 11 US residents employed in the health care business. The Global prescription drug market was $550 billion in the year 2006. Also, the total health care expenditures across the world were $4.5 trillion last year. Of which, US solely account for $ 2.2 trillion, $ 2 trillion in OECD countries and remaining $ 0.3 in other countries of the world. MAJOR SEGMENTS OF THE INDUSTRY The global medical industry is highly fragmented, comprising of various ancillary sectors namely medical equipment and supplies, pharmaceutical, healthcare services, biotechnology, and alternative medicines sectors. Medical Equipment and Supplies: It consists of various establishments or units engaged in designing, manufacturing, selling and distributing of surgical and medical instruments, ophthalmic, lab apparatus, electro medical, dental, irradiation, surgical appliances and supplies. Pharmaceutical Industry It consists of several establishments involved in developing, researching, marketing and distributing drugs or medicines. Globally, the market share of pharmaceutical industry is US $340 billion. The global pharmaceutical sales account for US$ 602 billion, with an annual growth rate of 7%. Healthcare Services Industry It includes various establishments dealing in different type of services like testing, outsourcing, compliance, chemical analysis, transcription, quality assurance, validation, and other types of services. The global market share of biotechnology services industry is worth US $ 50 billion, which is soon expected to witness a hike in coming years. Presently, pharmaceutical testing service industry values to US $ 5.9 billion, which is predicted to reach US $ 9.5 billion by the end of 2009. Microbiological testing service industry accounts for US $ 2.4 billion. Globally, the medical outsourcing services industry accounts for approximately US $ 200 billion. Biotechnology Industry It is one of the most research-intensive segments of the global healthcare industry. Biotechnology industry is composed of many establishments, which are engaged in making wide variety of biotech products. Biotechnology is primarily being used by the pharmaceutical industry but there are other industries like agriculture, mining, waste treatment industries as well, which are making continuous use of biotechnology. Biotechnology companies focus on developing methods or products used for preventing, diagnosing and treating dozens of life threatening and chronic diseases. The biotechnology industry has mushroomed since its inception and at present it is equivalent to US $ 50.7 billion. China, USA, India, Australia, and France are the market leaders of biotech products in the world. Alternative Medication Industry It consists of various groups involved in the promotion of different forms of alternative medications and therapies like ayurveda, homeopathy, aromatherapy, massage therapy etc. The total market size of alternative medicine is valued at US $2.7 billion while global market for traditional therapies accounts for US $60 billion. Dietary Supplements Industry As per the Office of Dietary Supplements, consumers in the USA spent $20.3 billion on dietary supplements in 2004. This comprises of vitamins, minerals, herbs, botanicals, amino acids, whole foods, nutraceuticals, etc, the USFDA regulates dietary supplements differently than the conventional foods and drug products. Regulated by the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA), the manufacturers are responsible for ensuring the safety of dietary supplements before they are marketed. The industry derives much of its demand from growing health awareness, ageing population, consumer spending, and nutrition trends. Bringing out innovative products, effective merchandising and competitive pricing determines the manufacturers profitability. Supplements are sold via supermarkets, drugstores, Internet, mail orders, health food stores, and by direct sellers. KEY GROWTH DRIVERS OF THIS INDUSTRY There are various factors, which govern the growth of the medical and healthcare industry. Some of the key factors are: Continuous investments in research development has resulted in increased productivity and better quality of drugs, medicines, medical instruments, hospital equipment, and other medical supplies used in medical industry. Provides employment to large chunk of human population. United States of America has the largest workforce i.e. one in every 11 US residents employed in the health care business. Increased costs in the medical treatment in the developed nations have driven patients to migrate to Asian countries. Rise in ailments among the ageing population especially in developed nations has led to the increase in demand of variety of drugs or medicines. Innovative techniques of drug discovery and drug development, new cures and treatments, gene testing for insurance, genetic predictions of disease and related issue, human cloning and reproductive technologies are the other key drivers of the medical industry. FUTURE PERSPECTIVE OF THE INDUSTRY The future perspective of medical industry seems to be immensely bright and encouraging for this industry in terms of the expected surge in global demand and upsurge in investments. Several trends such as globalization, continuous investments in research and development, newer techniques of drug development and discovery, product proliferation, mergers and acquisitions are the key drivers of this industry. Increasing corporatization of Private Healthcare in the backdrop of a growing and affluent middle class is an emerging trend that has been pushing the growth of this industry. Health Insurance and Medical Tourism are the other significant trends, which are governing the global healthcare and medical industry. Most of the nations are now emphasizing on the accreditation of medical professionals so as to ensure legitimacy of the services provided by them. Robust advancement in the field of information technology will allow critical medical data to be processed and transferred quickly over larger distances, thereby saving time of both the patients and physicians in the speeding delivery of treatment. WELCOME TO INDIA! Indian Herbal Industry The Indian herbal market is sharply rising, expecting to hit the INR 14500 crore mark with exports reaching INR 9000 crore by the year 2012. The herbal market has a CAGR of around 25%. India is followed by China as the largest producer of medicinal plants having more than 40 per cent global diversity. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has projected that the global herbal market will grow to USD 5 trillion by 2050. According to a study on Herbal Industry Biz Potential, currently, the Indian herbal market is worth Rs 7000 crore (USD 1.7 billion) and India exports herbal raw materials and medicines worth over Rs 3600 crore (USD 902 million) THE AYURVEDIC MEDICINE INDUSTRY IN INDIA Ayurvedic medicines are produced by several thousand companies in India, but most of them are quite small, including numerous neighborhood pharmacies that compound ingredients to make their own remedies. It is estimated that the total value of products from the entire Ayurvedic production in India is on the order of one billion dollars (U.S). The industry has been dominated by less than a adozen major companies for decades, joined recently by a few others that have followed their lead, so that there are today 30 companies doing a million dollars or more per year in business to meet the growing demand for Ayurvedic medicine. The products of these companies are included within the broad category of fast moving consumer goods (FMCG; which mainly involves foods, beverages, toiletries, cigarettes, etc.). Most of the larger Ayurvedic medicine suppliers provide materials other than Ayurvedic internal medicines, particularly in the areas of foods and toiletries (soap, toothpaste, shampoo, etc.), where there may be some overlap with Ayurveda, such as having traditional herbal ingredients in the composition of toiletries. The Ayurveda industry is dominated by Dabur, Baidyanath and Zandu, which hold nearly 85% share of the market. Dabur India Ltd. Leads the Ayurveda market as Indias largest supplier and the fourth largest of FMCG products. Daburs Ayurvedic Specialities Division offers a range of medicines ranging from common cold to chronic paralysis. However, this is only 7% of Daburs total revenue. The famous Chyavanprash from Dabur, owns 70% of the market while the Digestive Hajmola tablets has an 88% share. Damburs Amla Hair Oil, Vatika Shampoo and Tooth powder occupy a major chunk of the marketplace. Kolkata based, Sri Baidyanath Ayurvedic Bhawan Ltd. Is a specialist in Ayurvedic Products and has recently ventured into FMCG markets Its forte was in its internationally marketed Shikakai (Soap) and range of cosmetic products. Baidyanath has more than 750 products in its Ayurvedic portfolio pulling a sales volume of over 350 million dollars. Similar to the product basket of Dabur, Baidyanath is into massage oils, Chyavanprash and patented Ayurvedic products. Mumbai Based, Zandu Pharmaceutical Works, focused largely on Ayurveda based products. In its 45 million dollars turnover, Zandu drives its entire sales from its chemicals and cosmetic division. In 1934, Bangalore witnessed the birth of The Himalaya Drug Company. With over 500 million dollars of net worth, Himalaya has expanded and engraved a footprint into the US soil. Some of its offerings such as the Liv-52 capsules, introduced in India in 1955, are marketed as a liver protector and therapy for liver diseases like viral hepatitis. Charak Pharmaceuticals, producer of liquids, tablets, and veterinary products has constantly grown in market share with its newest introduction of the product Evanova, a concoction of 33 herbs and minerals and non-hormonal active ingredients used as a menopause treatment alternative to HRT. Containing a good amount of Soya content, Evanova contains herbs like elective estrogen receptor modulators as well as asparagus root (shatavari), which diminishes the regularity and intensity of hot flashes. The age old Vicco Laboratories incorporated nearly 60 years ago, primarily produces Ayurveda based topical therapies. Its evergreen, Vicco Vajradanti, has enhanced its foothold, not only in India but in the US markets too. The newest entrant in the segment, The Emami Group, provides a diverse range of cosmetic and Ayurvedic products. Emamis, Himani line of Ayurvedic products occupies only 110 million dollars of the turnover of the group. Similar to its competitors, Emami deals with products such as Chyavanprash and herbal oils. Aimil Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Excells in the manufacture and selling of generic and proprietory Ayurveda based medicines. With a meager 20 million dollars of business, its Ayurvedic range comprises of therapeutic products which had received the National Award for Quality Herbal Preparations and National Award for R D. Aimil is well known for its proprietary formulae for hepatitis, diabetes, menstrual disorders, digestive disorders, and urinary diseases. The herbal honey, Chyavanprash dominates the Indian market with 69% market share. Dabur leads the Amla based Chyavanprash product market with Baidyanath, at 11%, and Zandu and Himani (Emami Group) with about 7.5% each. An assortment of stand-alone herbs, traditional formulae, coupled with proprietary medicines make up the herbal Indian market> there is also a huge section comprising of the massage oils, shampoos, skin creams and other tropical products. Himalaya Drug Company and Universal Medicaments (UM) in Nagpur, lead the market for such traditional medicines. UM has a JV for production and RD of herbal based products, with Cipla Ltd. and Lupin Ltd. UM is exports both pharma based medicines as well as herbal medicines. STATUS OF AYURVEDA IN INDIA The governments of India and NGOs in India have been collecting data on the Ayurvedic system in India pertaining to the manpower and institutional aspects of Ayurveda which has emerged over the years. 60% of Indian physicians deal with non-allopathic systems of medicines. There are 4 lakh Ayurvedic practitioners, while over 1.7 Lakh doctors dealing in Homeopathy. Even though India has over 500,000 medical doctors, similar to that of US, India addresses nearly 4 times the number of patients as compared to the US. Even with the illustration of Universal Medicaments Pvt. Ltd., we can see the depth of product offerings with a herbal base. Some of the formulations developed by them are Karnim (Anti-diabetic supplement), Herbokam (Anti-stress formula), Chetak (Stimulant), Tonabilin (Iron supplement), Minitone, U-Gyanetone, and Unicough Syrup. With over 15 main stream proprietary products, they are gradually moving away from traditional Ayurveda and adopting newer forms to suit existing trends. Colorado based, Maharishi Ayurveda Products International is the largest supplier of Ayurveda based herbal products to the US and other western countries. Despite the popularity of the teachings of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, and his teaching of transcendental meditation, the company holds a meager market share and a limited staff. The Maharishi has adopted a typical Pharmaceutical company approach where Doctors are attracted by their products and thus, become representatives to spread the message regarding their products. Due to the age old perception in western worlds that traditional medicines cannot be promoted or accepted with ease, there is an increased focus on individual herbs such as the Indian Ashwagandha. Comparing the product with ginseng, which has been the best selling medicinal herb in the international markets, it has earned the name of the Indian ginseng Earlier, the greatest promoted basil from Ayurveda was Centella asiatica, a variety of Brahmi. The herb contained two other non- Ayurvedic herbs with which it gained immense importance and was promoted extensively as an energizer and a tonic for brain related issues. However, a Chinese herb has taken its place due to confusion about its source. On the contrary, there are bitter past experiences for many westerners when they make a trip to India which indicates that the problems exist primarily in the source country. Contamination issues and quality control from heavy metals, pesticides and other materials has become an increasing concern among Ayurvedic factories. Yet a few large ones have managed to invest in testing facilities and quality issues. The Story Kottakkal Arya Vaidya Sala, an Ayurvedic Medical Center Kottackal Arya Vaidya Sala which was founded in 1902 by Vaidyaratnam P.S. Varier is today one of Indias morst revered ayurvedic institutions. It offers Ayurvedic medicines and treatments to seekers all over India. It is a charitable institution offering medicines and treatment. The Arya Vaidya Sala also manages one Ayurvedic Hospital at Kottakkal in Kerala and at Delhi. It also cultivates medicinal plants and manufactures medicines along with conducting research programmes and publishing various literature on Ayurveda. They also run a Kathakali Academy. The founders studied this traditional medicine under the classical Gurukul system. They also acquired proficiency in the practice of Allopathy. In 1933, in recognition of his valuable services to humanity, Sri P. S. Varier was conferred the distinguished title of Vaidyaratna by His Excellency the Viceroy and Governor General of India. Left: Some of the 500 Ayurvedic formulas developed by Arya Vaidya Sala; Right: Home of S. Varier, the organizations founder. Sri Varier, called the Savior of Ayurveda in the South passed away in 1944. He had executed a will prior to his demise, which converted his proprietary into a charitable trust, as per the provisions of its founders will Arya Vaidya Sala functions as a charitable trust. Ayurvedic Natural Health Center, Goa, India Todays Ayurvedic health care services aspires to cater to tourist from across the world. Although herb products can be taken everywhere, the services of Ayurveda are epitomized by the week-long Panch Karma regimen which are obtained by staying at a special clinic. The Ayurvedic Natural Health Care Center is a group of sites in Goa where people can visit for two weeks to experience a wide range of therapies. The Ayurvedic system is particularly focused on cleansing and detoxifying approaches and uses numerous methods for promoting elimination and relaxation this involves the application of medicated oils and herbs. This center was established only a few years ago by Dr. Gopala Krishinan Valiyaveetil. He belongs to a family specializing in Ayurveda and he has obtained his grounding in Ayurveda from his parents. BREAKING OUT OF THE SLUMBER- AWAKENING INDIA India holds centuries old treasure of well practiced and well recorded wisdom of traditional medicine The basic requirements for gaining entry into the rest of the world include well-documented traditional use of single-plant medicines, Medicinal plants free from pesticides and heavy metals. Herbal drug development is possible only through the enlargement of standardized natural products. The health care systems are going to become more and more expensive hence we have to develop methodologies to essentially introduce and integrate herbal medicine system in mainstream health care. There is a huge scope for India also to emerge as a leading player in the global herbal product based medicine. Drugs manufactured in accordance with principles of Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani can reach new horizons. The need is to make them the best in the world by maintaining their quality and efficacy. There is nothing to stop ayurveda and herbal sciences from competing with the modern medicine with its virtues added advantages, fewer side effects and lower costs. THE INDIAN HEALTHCARE MARKET India Spends US $ 22.7 Billion On Healthcare HEALTHCARE MARKET (2005 VS 2025) Healthcare is the third largest growth segment in India THE CURRENT STATUS OF HEALTHCARE Out of pocket semi-urban and rural expenses higher than Urban DRIVERS OF GROWTH Increasing health awareness, Increasing spends on health Health Insurance penetration Increasing disease burden lifestyle diseases Awareness of healthcare and preventive care Employer provided healthcare Community based health plans INDIA PREFERS PRIVATE PROVIDERS Private expenditure as % of total expenditure on health : 82.7 (2004) MAJOR PLAYERS Healthcare services is highly unorganised segment in India ABOUT HIMALAYA The Himalaya Drug Company was founded in 1930 by Mr. M. Manal with a clear vision to bring Ayurveda to society in a contemporary form and to unravel the mystery behind the 5000 year old system of medicine. The Himalaya Drug Company is a leader in the Indian phyto-pharmaceutical (Ayurvedic) products ever since its founder M Manal, while visiting Burma in 1930, discovered how elephants were pacified and developed the worlds first anti-hypertensive drug, Serpina. It offers a wide range of pharmaceutical, personal care, consumer and animal health products. Over 300,000 doctors around the globe have endorsed Himalayas products and consumers in over 70 countries rely on Himalaya for their health and personal care needs. The company has pioneered the use of modern science to rediscover and validate the secrets of Ayurveda, the centuries-old Indian system of medicine. It employs cutting edge-technology to create pharmaceutical-grade ayurvedic products. Himalaya is dedicated to providing the highest quality and consistency in herbal care products and the company was also awarded the ISO 9001-2000 certification in 2003. Himalaya has always focused on developing safe, natural and innovative remedies that will help people live safe and healthier lives. Himalayas history is one of innovation through research. The company believes that ideal healthcare system lies in the synergy in between ayurveda and modern science. Himalayas constant endeavour is to create innovative products that satisfy the health and personal care requirements of contemporary living. VISION To bring Ayurveda the source of natural medication, to the society in a modern-day form and to untangle the mystery behind the 5000 year old system of medicine. MISSION Establish Himalaya as a science based, problem solving holistic brand with its source entrenched in the ancestry of nature and characterized by trust and healthy lives. Not just consider the local markets but also broaden their horizons across regions (worldwide) with a long term in-depth approach, by adopting the highest ethical standards at each step. Value, consider and utilize the inputs of all the stakeholders of the Himalaya family to garner the seed to shelf policy. The focus is on adopting eco friendly practices to support the environment that we live in. The employees are expected to support the Himalayan promise of exceeding consumer expectations each and every time. PRODUCT SERVICES Himalayas products can be broadly classified into 3 main ranges viz. Healthcare Health maintenance, eye care, skin care, cardiac care, immune booster and cough control Personal Care Health care, oral care, hair care, skin care and baby care Animal Health Daily care products for sensitive cats and dogs Each of the products under the categories mentioned above are ayurvedic and have no side effects after use. Constant innovation has been the mantra of the management at Himalaya. Himalaya has had some exceptional innovative products in its product offerings that has helped it grow in stature. Some of the most successful innovations that have helped Himalaya become the leaders in Herbal Healthcare are as follows; Serpina Derived from the plant serpentina. It was a natural tranquiliser with anti-hypersensitive properties. Was the world first natural hypersensitive medicine launched in 1930. Liv. 52 An apt example of innovation at Himalaya. The RD department was given the job to come up with a natural remedy that improved liver function as that was the main concern of people then in 1950. The team came up with a natural medicine that became the hallmark of innovation. Today, 1 billion tablets and 13 million syrup bottles of Liv. 52 are sold annually across the globe. Bonnisan A sweet tasting natural paediatric digestive tonic introduced in 1972. Soon after launch it became the leading brand in its category and today is Indias number 1 paediatric digestive product. On further research in Malaysia, Bonnisan also helped cure the long standing asthama problems in several preteens. Reosto A unique herbomineral preparation that slows bone loss and strengthens bone. The plant hormones that are present present in Resto influences the bone formation and also minimizes the risk of fracture cased by osteoporosis. Menosan It is an ideal alternative to Hormone Replacement Therapy. Menosan helps women during the menopausal and post menopausal stages. The plant derived hormones i.e. phytoestrogens are completely risk free and help women cope with the menopausal discomforts and mood swings. PureHands A herbal sanitizer that kills 99.9% of the germs and prevents infection. The germicidal action on Neem, freshness of lemon and softening action of hrivera has helped this product gain acceptance in the market. Himplasia A product that was launched in 2002 to help aged men deal with the prostrate problems. This is a natural product with no side effects and men could start taking this medicine early and hence restrict the growth of the prostrate. Hair Loss Cream This product helps reduce hair loss, stimulate hair growth, increase hair thickness and improve tensile strength of hair. The regular use of this product lead to a 20% reduction in hair loss in just 2 weeks. In their effort to do something good for the society, Himalaya has also forayed into many community services and corporate citizenship programs, which are a part of their corporate social responsibility. This has been broadly classified into Health, Education, Community and Environment. Himalaya has constantly been investing in Training, Education and community welfare projects. They have taken the global cultivation practices, contract cultivation techniques and rain water harvesting techniques to the farmers. Partnerships with companies like Shristhi Special Academy (NGO) and IDEI has helped them walk an extra mile towards community services. GLOBAL PRESENCE Himalaya has grown from being an Indian Ayrvedic brand to a global player with its products being well accepted in more than 70 countries. It has a sound base in USA, Middle East, Europe and Asia and has been diversifying its base rapidly. Himalaya went onto instituting a global company in the name of Himalaya Global Holdings Ltd. which is a parent company of the Himalaya Drug Company worldwide. The company has its offices strategically located in 7 regions through which they reach across to 71 countries. One of the offices in Bangalore (India) extensively looks into the pharmaceutical operations for India, Russia and Asia Pacific while another office in Bangalore looks into only the consumer products. They have their other offices in: Europe Latvia, Middle East Dubai which also caters to the South African region U.S.A. Texas Houston which caters to USA, Canada, Mexico, South America and the Caribbean Singapore This office caters to East Asia and South Pacific Johannesburg This office caters predominantly to South Africa HIMALAYA NEW INITIATIVES Himalaya has come up with State of the art Retail Outlets that cater to only Himalaya Products. This is a strategy adopted by Himalaya to entice customers to buy more Himalaya products. This chain of exclusive Himalaya stores is a retail strategy adopted by the company to increase the accessibility, visibility and enhance the consumer shopping experience. In the fiscal year 2006, Himalaya has 92 exclusive retail stores and the number has been increasing ever since. These retail stores also act as crucial information centers where the customer queries are answered by trained managers. Also, these outlets are electronically linked to a Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Cell, which is assisted by a team of medical doctors who respond to specific customer health queries. Customer Interaction Management Himalaya outsourced the entire integration project to a company called Talisman. CIM has helped Himalaya respond to the queries from the customers, doctors and distributors. The main advantage of outsourcing CIM was that they got the module up and running in 2 weeks. Hence, all the queries were catered to and the expertise of Talisman helped them build and strong and fool proof CIM. Also, the work load has been reduced as the primary scanning is done by customer service representatives of Talisman and then the calls / emails are forwarded to the in-house people. SWOT HIMALAYA Strengths Weakness Large Product Profile Presence across the globe with strong brand value Great control over the supply chain across the various countries Certifications from US Food and Drug Administration for Research and Development First company to develop 100% herbal Child Care Products. Very few suppliers for the botanical materials Lack of proper infrastructure to transport and stock the botanical raw materials Technology is older / outdated Share of India in the World Pharmaceutical Production is 1.2% which is quite low as compared to the Population which is 16.1% of world population. Opportunities Threats In international market there is high growth potential Growing demand for Ayurveda and Herbal products Unorganised rural markets with low penetration of herbal medicines Increasing use of OTC products Addition of newer markets due to globalisation High degree of competition among existing players High manufacturing and processing costs Substitutes from alternative therapies Shift from process to product patents Higher entry costs in newer markets High competition from generic products Few discoveries with high costs on RD INNOVATION THEORIES HIMALAYA The times for students of innovations have never been better more promising or more challenging. Every speech after speech at AGMs and business schools world over the word Innovation is ubiquitous. A critical goal is to apply innovation concepts to real time issues. Competitive advantage is gained and maintained through innovation. Innovations may not even have to be break through. Innovation is a change in the thought process of doing something or it is the useful application of new inventions or discoveries. Innovation can be defined as the application of knowledge to create additional value and wealth. Effective innovation is achieved by applying existing knowledge in new and different ways. Innovation can involve significant disruptive change to business and economic structures, or alternatively it can be a process of continuous and incremental business development. But what innovations really are is the truth that Innovations bring about change in the way we live life. An invention may be the creation of something that the world has never seen before but an Innovation is what helps commercialise and metamorphose that invention to become a widely used benefit

A Biographical Analysis of The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Essays

A Biographical Analysis of The Rime of the Ancient Mariner â€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner,† by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, is a somewhat lengthy poem concerning the paranormal activities of a sea mariner and his crew. The work was constructed to be the beginning piece in Lyrical Ballads, a two-volume set written by William Wordsworth and Coleridge. Wordsworth intended to, in his volume, make the ordinary seem extraordinary, while Coleridge aimed to make the extraordinary ordinary. â€Å"The Rime† was first published in 1798. Despite the current popularity of the piece, it was harshly criticized upon being first published. One of â€Å"The Rime’s† toughest opponents was Wordsworth himself, who claimed that the poem had â€Å"neither characterization nor proper agency nor skill in the handling of imagery† (Fry, 12). Wordsworth even bluntly described the piece as being in the wrong overall meter (Fry, 12). Because of these presumed flaws, â€Å"The Rime† was edited into several subsequent editions, being released in 1800, 1802, 1805, 1817, and 1834. When a reader examines â€Å"the Rime,† the piece first appears to be merely that of an archaic ghost story. Throughout the years though, many have analyzed the poem from various angles of interpretation. Some of the methods used to decipher â€Å"The Rime† have included reader-response, Marxist, new historicism, psychoanalytic, and even deconstruction analysis. While each of these alternatives provides an individualistic prospective on the poem, they are all somewhat different, and can even be objective at times depending on the reader in question. While â€Å"The Rime† may have been constructed to address slavery, the economy, or even morality, it can also be greatly appreciated when looke... ...ations of his work (Fry, 8). A short time later, Coleridge died, but only after some of the most peaceful years of his life. â€Å"The Rime† is a supernaturally based poem, which is full of imaginative symbolism and imagery. Despite its numerous revisions, it is still a defining piece of literature from the Romantic period. While several approaches can be taken to investigate the poem, a biographical analysis provides an insightful look into the life of the author that created the work. In â€Å"The Rime,† Coleridge has the Mariner facing many of the same obstacles that he faced throughout his life, including death, isolation, constant wandering, and a final search for salvation. Works Cited Coleridge, Samuel. â€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.† Fry 26-75. Fry, Paul, ed. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. Boston and New York: Bedford / St. Martin’s, 1999.

Digital Media Impact Upon Consumer Transactions Education Essay

Digital media are known to hold a differentiated impact upon consumer minutess, information assemblage and citizen engagement ( Long, Webber and Li, 2008 ) . As Frand ( 2000 ) points out, many concern sectors like banking and publication, are confronting an unsure scenario with the rise of the new coevals of Digital Natives: will anyone travel to a â€Å" bank † any longer? Will textbooks still be printed? Will libraries be on-line electronic aggregations? As mentioned in the debut of this survey, the Digital Natives are an of import mark for sellers because of their size and disbursement power, but their ingestion forms are today far from being to the full understood ( Baronial, Haytko, Phillips, 2009 ) . Furthermore, this coevals will shortly be portion of the work force and it is a cardinal issue for internal market oriented employers to happen the best schemes to actuate them in the workplace, by bettering the company ‘s internal selling ( Raines, 2002 ) . Digital Natives behaviors and penchants, like their scarce tolerance for holds, omnipresent connectivity and penchant for typing over authorship, are of import to houses who want to offer a good service to Digital Natives clients. In the epoch of eBay, on-line banking 24/7 and Amazon, Digital Natives expect high degree of reactivity from companies, every bit good as from self-service engineerings. Surveies by Long and McMellon ( 2004 ) proved that baffled definitions of clients ‘ outlooks are one of the most of import causes for electronic services to neglect in meeting quality demands. It has besides been proved that a consumer ‘s overall engineering beliefs have an influence on their leaning to follow new engineering ( Parasuraman et al. 2000 ) . In other words, â€Å" client specific properties might act upon, for case, the properties that clients desire in an ideal web site and the public presentation degrees that would signal superior e-Service Quality † ( Parasuraman et al. 2000, p.216 ) . The list of Digital Natives attributes employed in this survey is a first measure to assist developing a new set of penchants and beliefs among Generation Y consumers that might be need to be considered when planing effectual web sites and e-services. Digital Natives accomplishments are indispensable to employers ( Raines, 2002 ) and the other articles on their direction†¦ .add Irish bull here. It has been argued that as information is going more and more a trade good ( Openshaw and Goddard 1987 ) , the deficiency of cognition on how to utilize information engineering is a important barrier to employment ( Long, Webber and Li, 2008 ) . Investigating the motive and the school consequences of pupils who possess an Information age mentality is hence indispensable as those accomplishments, needed in the workplace, might necessitate to be leveraged by colleges and universities to break the pupils ‘ employability records and fix them to carry through the demands of modern organisation. If the simple accretion of cognition is going less of import and college dropouts such as Bill Gates become icons of the new coevalss, possibly Digital Native upholders are right in naming for an educational reform that taps into the pupils ‘ new accomplishments. Lack of accomplishments with engineering might besides convey to societal exclusion Acadamic public presentations of their pupils by tapping into their new digital accomplishments could besides assist to make full the Digital Divide that As information becomes progressively commodified the deficiency of entree to a computing machine, or a deficiency of cognition of how to utilize it, may in clip become as important a beginning of disadvantage as for illustration entree to or deficiency of entree to a auto or entree to or deficiency of entree to cardinal warming. Arguably, in footings of employability, a deficiency of competency in the usage of information engineering may go as important a barrier as a deficiency of higher educational makingsThe Digital Natives and the Information Age MindsetLiterature on e-Service quality measuring present several dimension like Access ( the ability to acquire on a website rapidly and to make the company when needed ) , Responsiveness ( i.e. speedy response and the ability to acquire aid if there is a job or a inquiry ) and Ease of pilotage ( Zeithaml, Parasuraman, and Malhotra, 2000 ) that are related Today ‘s pupils are defined by Prensky ( 2001a, p.1 ) as ‘Digital Natives ‘ i.e. â€Å" native talkers of the digital linguistic communication of computing machines, video games and the Internet † . As a consequence of the fact that these pupils have grown up immersed in engineering and ne'er knew a clip without the Internet, e-mail and nomadic telephones, Prensky theorizes that they think and process information in a different manner from old coevals. To prolong this statement, he relies on neuroplasticity theories, which suggest that the encephalon is flexible and able to accommodate to alterations in the environment. Therefore, he argues, immature pupil ‘s encephalons are wholly different from grownups who grew up without engineerings. Following this lingual metaphor, in Prensky ‘s footings today ‘s grownups and instructors are Digital Immigrants â€Å" who speak an out-of-date linguistic communication † ( 2001a, p.2 ) . They might be able to larn the new linguistic communication, but they will ever retain their immigrant ‘accent ‘ . The Immigrant/Natives duality is believed to hold serious negative effects on pupil motive, attending spans, satisfaction ( Oblinger, 2003, Prensky, 2001a ; Levin and Arafeh, 2002 ) . For Prensky, instructors are fighting to learn these new coevalss, while pupils â€Å" cry out † for new attacks to instruction. Prensky ‘s definition of Digital Natives is partially derived from Frand ( 2000 ) who identifies ten properties of what he defines the Infomation Age Mindset. These properties are used in this survey as a base for an operational definition of the concept of ‘Digital Nativeness ‘ and hence are worth a farther scrutiny. The first property ascribed to Digital Natives by Frand is that they view computing machines as a normal portion of life, instead than as â€Å" engineering † . If engineering is considered as â€Å" anything that is n't about when you were born † ( Frand, 2000 p.16 ) it ‘s easy to state why computing machines are non seen as engineering by the immature coevalss. Rather than being impressed by new, extremely sophisticated appliances, the Natives tend to hold a â€Å" what took so long? † reaction alternatively. A 2nd feature of Digital Natives is the belief that Internet is better than Television. Frand states that the Natives are utilizing the web as their primary beginning of information. On one manus the Internet is a more synergistic media compared to the Television and this should partially get the better of one of the Television major defects. On the other manus, the information overload and the fundamental hunt techniques adopted by the bulk of them makes it hard to separate facts and fiction, dependable and undependable beginnings. Information overload and deficiency of clip might besides be some of the ground why pupils ‘ engage in a test and mistake attack instead than utilizing traditional job work outing techniques ( see the Nintendo over Logic property ) . The 3rd characteristic of the Digital Natives is named by Frand Reality no longer existent. This attribute refers to the job of content genuineness on the Internet. Many Internet resources are non dependable and personal individualities can be stolen or cloned. Distinguishing between what is existent and what is non has become one of the major challenges for the Digital Natives. A 4th quality of the Digital Natives is their penchant for Making an activity instead than cognizing the theories behind it. This property is cardinal to this survey as it is straight related with pupil ‘s achievement end orientation ( command or public presentation orientated pupils ) . Frand observes that in a universe dominated by digital engineerings, where drastic alterations occur, the life span of information is measured in months. Therefore, cognizing many facts is going less and less of import, while the ability to cover with complex and equivocal information is cardinal for pupils come ining the work force. Another acquisition penchant is the 1 that involves the acceptance of a â€Å" Nintendo † attack to acquisition, that is, utilizing trial-and-error, to accomplish desired consequence instead than careful research. Frand describes this manner as typical of the new coevals of pupils, born with videogames, that tend to near jobs in a test and mistake manner instead than utilizing the scientific method attack, i.e. careful rating of the effects before trying a solution. Whether this might impact pupils ‘ capacity of in-depth analysis is a much debated inquiry. Prensky ( 2001b ) besides considers that Digital Natives have lost in contemplation and critical thought while they have enhanced parallel processing accomplishments ( see the Multitasking property ) . The 6th Digital Natives property identified by Frand is a authoritative of the Digital Natives literature and it describes their penchant for Multitasking, with no undertaking having full attending from the pupil. Along with the test and mistake attack, this is one of the most common scheme adopted by Digital Natives to get by with the information overload and the deficiency of clip for deep job rating. Harmonizing to Prensky ( 2001b ) , kids are now capable of administering their attending strategically while go toing two undertakings at a clip. The job with this new accomplishment, enhanced by digital engineerings, seems to be that Digital Immigrants pedagogues, who merely do non believe that pupils can larn while listening to music, ignore it. Detecting Digital Natives, Frand came to the decision that they prefer Typing on a keyboard instead than composing on paper. The power of word-processing goes beyond betterments in spelling and discernability and allows trade name new manner of playing with thoughts, leting non-linear thought. Similarly, spreadsheet and databases enable to work out job and do determination in a new manner. The typical Digital Natives pupil is ever connected, no affair what. Here the power of networking is considered as a map of the figure of people that take portion to that web. The more people, the more that web will be utile to its users. Love for squad work and networking is a trait of the Digital Natives that is good know and recognized by many surveies ( e.g Howe and Strauss, 2000 ) . Harmonizing to Frand, Digital Natives are besides impatient, demoing â€Å" zero tolerance † for holds. The cyberage has modified our demand for immediateness. We have already discussed that the clip to bring forth accurate in-depth analyses is a luxury that few people can afford and we mentioned multitasking every bit good as test and mistake as schemes used by the Digital Natives to get by with clip restraints. As effect, the new coevals of pupils besides expect zero holds when accessing to services or information. 24/7 banking services, instant messaging, omnipresent broadband connectivity are merely useless proficient agencies if the human constituent of the service act as a constriction in the information bringing processes. The â€Å" nothing tolerance for hold † property is more apparent when we think about electronic mails: people tend to apologise if they are non reacting instantly and follow a much less formal linguistic communication to rush up the communicat ing. The last consideration made by Frand is that the traditional differentiation between Godhead and consumer of information is film overing. This tendency is about omnipresent: User Generated Contents, Mash-Ups, Creative Commons licences, open-source motions, societal bookmarking. Everywhere users are acquiring involved in bring forthing, sharing and bettering contents, without copyright limitations. Where in traditional media the users where involved in co-create the significance of the content by construing it, now they are capable of modifying the content itself and portion it back with the audience. This is consistent with the â€Å" making instead than cognizing property † that already takes into history the Digital Natives penchant for taking portion into productive procedures instead than being inactive scholars. Similar positions on Digital Natives are shared by other writers ( Oblinger, 2003 ; Oblinger and Oblinger, 2005, Tapscott, 1998 ; Rainie 2006 ; Gibbons, 2007 ) . These surveies confirm that pupils nowadays demo distinguishable larning penchants such as squad working, multitasking, usage of engineering and experiential activities. Underbrush ( 2007 ) emphasis on the being of a Natives / Immigrants Digital divide and quote grounds from Hargittai ( 2002 ) that showed how immature coevalss are more skilled in seeking the web than people over 30s. However this duality has been to a great extent criticized by many observers: while it is doubtless true that immature people have familiarity with a greater scope of ICTs in their family, tend to utilize the Internet as a first port of call and multi-task more ( Cheong, 2008 ; Dutton, Helsper and Gerber 2009 ; Helsper and Eynon, 2010 ) , important differences found within cohorts of immature people undermine the thought of homogeneousness that prevarication at the base of the Natives / Immigrants resistance.The Digital Natives DebateWhen it comes to quantitative grounds, the Digital Natives definition becomes a controversial subject: Kvavik, Caruso and Morgan ( 2004 ) for illustration, surveyed 4,374 pupils across 13 establishments in the United States. On one manus the y found high degree of engineering ownership ( 93,4 % for personal computing machines and 82 % for nomadic phones ) and high degrees of academic and recreational activities based on Information Technologies ( 99.5 % users used word-processing, e-mailing and Internet browse for pleasance ) . On the other manus, pupils showed merely a moderate penchant for the usage of engineering in schoolroom and as Kvavik ( 2005, p.98 ) points out, â€Å" ironically, many of the pupils most skilled in the usage of engineering had assorted feelings about engineering in the schoolroom † . A much more extended follow up to this survey among 18,000 university pupils ( Caruso and Kvavik, 2005 ) seems to corroborate the fact that no important correlativity exists between usage and accomplishment of engineering and penchants for increased usage of engineering in the schoolroom. Some writers refuse the Digital Natives statements radically: Facer and Furlong ( 2001 ) point out that the differentiation between indigens and immigrants is non backed up by any empirical grounds. The writers besides warn about the possible dangers coming from instructors who assume a degree of digital cognition that is non accurate for all pupils. Similar statements are made by Bennett et Al. ( 2008 ) who quote several quantitative studies measuring that a important proportion of immature people do non keep the entree or the technologic accomplishments predicted by Digital Natives upholders. She deducts hence that â€Å" It may be that there is every bit much fluctuation within the digital native coevals as between coevalss † ( p.779 ) . This is confirmed by Krause ( Krause 2007 ; Kennedy et Al. 2008 ) who conducted a survey on 2,000 first twelvemonth university pupils in Australia whose consequence shows that the forms of entree and usage of a scope of engineerings and too ls ( e.g. computing machines, nomadic telephones, electronic mail ) alteration sanely across the pupil populations ( harmonizing to socio-economic background, age and gender ) . She concludes saying that the â€Å" premise of homogeneousness is misdirecting and unsafe † ( 2007, p138 ) . Significant differences in how and why pupils use information engineerings have been besides highlighted late by a figure of authors ( Livingstone and Helsper,2007 ; Hargittai and Hinnart, 2008 ) . More late, Helsper and Eynon ( 2010 ) analyzed secondary informations on UK pupils coming to the decision that coevals is non the lone forecaster of Digital Nativeness. From their research it seems clear that many other variables such as gender, instruction, experience and comprehensiveness of usage concur to explicate this behavior. Since coevals seem to be non the lone ancestor to Digital Nativeness, it is non surprising that many research workers criticized the Natives-Immigrants duality ( Bayne and Ross, 2007 ) or introduced extra classs based on a continuum ( Currant et al. , 2008 ) , to better reflect the fluctuation in Digital Nativeness that is considered to be cross-generational. In the visible radiation of the many surveies demoing deficiency of homogeneousness within the pupil population, the research design of this survey is presuming that the chosen sample ( a category of undergraduate pupils belonging, hence, to the same coevals ) is demoing important fluctuation in the grade of familiarity with engineering ( i.e â€Å" Digital Nativeness † ) , measured utilizing Frand ‘s ( 2000 ) definition of the Informational Age Mindset. A farther verification that a fluctuation in the concept is to be observed comes from Frand itself, who states that his 10 properties are wide generalisations, non all of which apply to each person. The above considerations have led the critics to be cautious about rethinking established learning methods and a call for a more mensural argument between skeptics and advocators of the Digital Natives thought has been made ( Bennett et al. 2008 ) . To cast more visible radiation into the Digital Natives argument, this research is looking at the motivational deductions of the Digital Nativeness property, look intoing whether pupils who respond to the Digital Natives definition show amotivated or work-avoidant behavior.AmotivationMotivation can be defined as â€Å" the physiological procedure involved in the way, energy and continuity of behavior † ( Bergin, Ford and Hesse, 1993, p.437 ) . As Prensky ( 2003, p.1 ) puts it â€Å" a sine qua non of successful acquisition is motive: a motivated scholar ca n't be stopped. † Research describing on high school pupils ‘ motive to larn argued that motive is a cardinal factor in the success or failure of instruction ( Natio nal Research council, 2004 ) . The motivated scholar position is frequently depicted as an ideal status, where pupils are enthusiastic, focussed and relentless. Constructivist larning theoreticians ( e.g. Piaget, Papert ) have ever stressed on the demand of prosecuting and actuating pupils, a undertaking whose troubles seems to be increased by the rise of new engineerings and videogames ( Carstens and Beck, 2005 ) . Digital Native upholders typically support the Immigrant/Native resistance as based on age differences ( Prensky 2001a ; Gibbons 2007 ; Underwood, 2007 ) . One of their most debated claims is that the spread between the technological accomplishments of the new pupils and the limited usage of engineering adopted presents by instructors has a negative impact on pupil motive, doing alienation, disaffection and letdown ( Prensky, 2005 ; Levin & A ; Arefeh, 2002 ; Oblinger, 2003 ) . â€Å" It by and large is n't that Digital Natives ca n't pay attending, it ‘s that they choose non to † ( Prensky, 2001b, p.4 ) . Students ‘ deficiency of motive and disaffection from school has received some grade of attending from educational research workers that recognize it as one of the most outstanding academic jobs ( Legault et. al 2006 ) . Harmonizing to the self-government theory ( SDT, Deci and Ryan, 1985 ) , amotivation is a category of behaviors that are either performed for unknown grounds or non executed at all. Amotivation is a province in which the individual can non comprehend the nexus between their behavior and the result of that behavior. As a effect, amotivated persons perceive their behavior as caused by forces that are non under their control. They feel detached from their action and hence will put small attempt or energy in its implementation ( Legault et.al 2006 ) . Traditional SDT attack defines amotivation as a unidimensional concept and in this signifier it has been used for mensurating pupils orientation toward the academic environment ( Vallerand et. al. , 1992 ) . However farther surveies ( Pelletier et. Al. 1999 ) showed the multidimensional nature of amotivation. Legualt et.al ( 2006 ) , in a series of surveies, developed a taxonomy of grounds that give rise to academic amotivation, consisting of four dimensions: ability beliefs, attempt beliefs, feature of the undertaking and value placed on the undertaking. For the intent of this survey, feature of undertaking and value placed on undertaking are the lone relevant amotivation dimensions that are included in the conceptual theoretical account. The features of undertaking dimension â€Å" denotes the specific characteristics of the academic undertaking that may take to amotivation † ( Legault et. Al. 2006, p.569 ) . Unappealing undertakings are likely to be neglected, taking to detachment. The value placed on undertaking evaluates the credence of an activity from the pupils. It has been proved that when a undertaking is non of import to the pupil, amotivation is likely to originate ( Ryan and Deci 1999 ; 2000 ) . Upholders of the Digital Natives/Immigrants resistance claim that new coevalss, born with videogames, should be engaged through the usage of multimedia or instructional games ( e.g. Carstens and Beck, 2005 ; Garris et Al. 2002 ) and are non paying attending because of the manner undertakings are really presented in category ( Prensky, 2001b ) . The undermentioned hypothesis is hence included in this survey: H1: Students with a higher grade of ‘Digital Nativeness ‘ will be more amotivated than pupils with a lower grade of ‘Digital Nativeness ‘ From a conceptual point of view, amotivation subtypes are associated with negative results such as hapless academic public presentations, low academic self-pride and purpose to retreat from high-school ( Legault et. al. , 2006 ) . As a effect it will be hypothesised that the amotivated Digital Natives pupils will demo hapless academic public presentations. H2: Students with a higher grade of ‘Digital Nativeness ‘ will demo worse test public presentations than pupils with a lower grade of ‘Digital Nativeness ‘Work AvoidanceAcademic amotivation is non the lone concept that has been examined by motivational research worker interested in damaging behavior. Within the Achievement Goal watercourse of motivational research, the work turning away end ( besides named â€Å" academic disaffection † ) received a considerable sum of attending ( Meece et al 1988 ; Nolen, 1988 ; Nicholls et al 1985 ; Elliot and Harackiewicz, 1996 ; Seifert and O'Keefe, 2001 ) . Work turning away end is defined as an effort to acquire away with seting every bit small work or attempt as possible into achievement undertakings ( Elliot, 2005 ) . Similarly to amotivated pupils, pupils with a work turning away end are likely non try to make their work. Their chief concern is to acquire the work done with a minimal sum of attempt ( Meece et. Al, 1988 ) . However, work avoidant pupils unlike amotivated 1s, have a motive: which is to set small attempt on work. Work avoidant pupils hence do non comprehend the deficiency of eventuality between behavior and result, typical of amotivated pupils ( Seifert, 2004 ) . Work avoidant ends are besides to be distinguished from public presentation ends. In public presentation ends, success with small attempt is a prove of ability whereas failure with small attempt does non supply a cogent evidence of low ability. In work turning away ends, alienated pupils have their involvement and beginning of self-esteem exterior of the schoolroom and so deficiency of attempt is non used as a manner to hide deficiency of ability ( Archer, 1994 ) . The thought that Information and Communication Technologies are, in general, bring forthing disaffection in human acquisition and societal exchange has been sustained by many writers ( Cooper, 1995 ; Rintala, 1998 ) . Some pedagogues like Tell ( 2000 ) described Digital Natives as an anomic young person, surfing the cyberspace in societal isolation. As Knapp ( 1998 ) points out, the â€Å" computer-based information engineerings separate and alienate people from direct experience with nature and community [ †¦ ] and lead to inadequate course of study † ( p.7 ) Digital Natives upholders support the thought that the Natives/Immigrants divide, combined with deficiency of engineering in schoolroom, is the cause of pupil disaffection, whereas these observers ascribe disaffection to Information Technologies and modern-day society. While the latter positions are partially surpassed with the breakage of the Social Web, they offer a post-modernist account for the pupils ‘ acceptance of work-avoidant ends. Whatever the ground for this behavior might be, the literature offers adequate grounds to speculate that pupils with high grade of Digital Nativeness will demo amotivated and work-avoidant behaviors. H5: Students with a higher grade of ‘Digital Nativeness ‘ will be more work-avoidant than pupils with a lower grade of ‘Digital Nativeness ‘Achievement Goal OrientationIn their reappraisal of the effects of computing machine based direction ( CBI ) on motive, Moos and Marroquin ( 2009 ) show that while a figure of surveies investigated effects of CBI on Interest, Intrinsic/Extrinsic motive and self-efficacy, there is a deficiency of research within the goal-theory model. Acknowledging the cardinal function of the achievement end orientation on academic public presentations, this survey is make fulling this spread with a deep probe of pupils ‘ goal-oriented behavior. As mentioned in the reappraisal of the Digital Natives literature, many observers, based on research grounds, made a call for a mensural argument on the Digital Native thought before rethinking the whole educational system. In fact, far from hungering for a complete digital experience, pupils seem to acknowledge the motivational function of instructors in instruction. Qualitative research from Oblinger and Oblinger ( 2005, p.14 ) , for illustration, reports the undermentioned pupils ‘ considerations: Teachers are critical to the acquisition procedure. Tech is good, but it is non a perfect replacement. Computers can ne'er replace worlds. Learning is based on motive, and without instructors that motive would discontinue to be. Similar considerations can be done looking at Kvavik, Caruso and Morgan ( 2004 ) quantitative research: if many of the pupils most skilled in the usage of engineering have mixed feelings about engineering in the schoolroom, they have less ground to demo the amotivated or work-avoidant behaviors theorized by Digital Natives upholders. Further uncertainties on Prensky ‘s thought of amotivated pupils ( Prensky, 2001a ) may lift looking at the pupils traits as depicted by Howe and Strauss in many of their plants ( Howe and Strauss, 1993 ; Strauss and Howe, 1997 ; Howe and Strauss, 2000 ) . It emerges a image of pupils comprehending themselves as particular and extremely anticipant. Ambitious, even though directionless ( Schneider and Stevenson, 1999 ) , they are besides described as really confident and have been encouraged to believe in themselves from parents and instructors ( Lancaster and Stillman, 2002 ) . Howe and Strauss besides point out that their parents have pushed Digital Natives to be the best they can, coercing them to execute and stand out. As pupils, they feel the force per unit area to conform to these outlooks and have developed one of their primary features that is their demand for accomplishment. They expect high classs as a wages for conformance to academic criterions, they like to hold changeless feedback ; they are competitory and goal-oriented. This sort of accomplishment, goal-oriented behavior has been analyzed extensively within the motive literature associated with the survey of academic accomplishment. The achievement end orientation is defined as â€Å" a set of behavioral purposes that determine how pupils approach and engage in acquisition activities † ( Meece, Blumenfeld and Hoyle, 1988, p.514 ) . For Dweck, â€Å" Achievement ends must lie at the bosom of any analysis of achievement motive † ( quotation mark ) Writers like Nicholss ( 1984 ) and Dweck ( 1986 ) identified two types of ends that have received great theoretical and empirical attending in the motive literature: Mastery end ( besides called learning end ) defined as a desire to derive competency or get the hang a new set of accomplishments or cognition ( Archer, 1994 ) ; Performance end ( besides called turn outing end ) defined as desire to execute better than others, showing one ‘s competency or avoiding to demo incompetency ( Elliott, 2005 ) . It was ab initio hypothesized that command ends led to positive results ( e.g. continuity in the face of failure, deep processing of survey stuff, enhanced task enjoyment ) , while public presentation end led to deleterious one ( backdown of attempt, surface processing, decreased undertaking enjoyment ) ( Nicholls, 1989 ; Nolen 1988 ; Dweck and Leggett, 1988 ) . A closer scrutiny at research surveies nevertheless, indicated that while command end seemed to take to positive results, assorted consequence were obtained when looking at public presentation ends ( Harackiewicz and Elliot, 1993 ) . As a effect, Elliott ( 1994 ) suggested the incorporation of another differentiation ( approach/avoidance ) to explicate the fluctuation in consequences for public presentation ends. â€Å" In attack motive, behavior is instigated or directed by a positive or desirable event or possibility, whereas in turning away motive, behavior is instigated or directed by unwanted event or possibility † ( Elliot, 1999, p.170 ) . A first, trichotomous accomplishment end theoretical account was introduced by Elliot and Church ( 1997 ) including command end, performance-approach and performance-avoidance end. Performance-approach end focal point on the attainment of possible positive result ( e.g. executing better than other pupils ) , whereas performance-avoidance end focal point on the turning away of possible negative result ( e.g. avoiding executing worse than other pupils ) ( Elliot, 2005 ) . A huge bulk of empirical surveies based on this theoretical account ( over 60 by the terminal 2003 harmonizing to Elliot ( 2005 ) ) clearly documented that the bulk of negative effects of public presentation ends were to due to performance-avoidance end orientation. Successively Elliot and McGregor ( 2001 ) extended the approach/avoidance differentiation to the mastery-goal, ensuing in the 2Ãâ€"2 Achievement end model and in the development of the Achievement Goal Questionnaire ( AGQ ) employed in this research. Mastery-approach ends entail endeavoring to develop one ‘s accomplishment and abilities ( Elliot, 2005 ) and are similar to the command end as antecedently defined in the literature. But as Elliot and McGregor point out, attack is non the lone signifier ordinance for command orientated pupils. For illustration, pupils might endeavor to avoid misinterpretation or neglecting to larn class stuffs, or avoid burying what they have learned. This is an avoidance signifier of ordinance, typical of perfectionists, who avoid doing errors or making anything incorrect ( Elliot and McGregor, 2001 ) . It is possible to reason that the performance/mastery differentiation relates with many of the properties refering to the Digital Natives as described by Frand ( 2000 ) , including the â€Å" making instead than cognizing † attack that is cardinal to this survey, as it should straight impact the accomplishment end that pupils will put. Furthermore, the performance-approach end orientation ( that is related to executing better than other pupils ) is instead consistent with the competitory and confident traits described by Howe and Strauss ( 2000 ) . By being confident of their competency, pupils are more likely to favor a performance-approach over a performance-avoidance or work-avoidant ends. These considerations lead to the undermentioned hypothesis: H3 Students with a higher grade of ‘Digital Nativeness ‘ will demo a penchant for performance-approach ends In the visible radiation of the approach/avoidance differentiation a new form became clear and it is that mastery-approach ends frequently did non foretell positively public presentation attainment as originally believed, whereas performance-approach ends did, on more consistent footing ( Elliot, 2005 ) . Therefore the undermentioned hypothesis will be tested: H4: Students with a higher grade of ‘Digital Nativeness ‘ will demo better test public presentations than pupils with a lower grade of ‘Digital Nativeness ‘Critical ThinkingExtra statements against the Natives/Immigrants resistance come from cognitive research workers that argue against the thought that immature people ‘s encephalons have changed in recent times ( see Herther, 2009 for a reappraisal ) . But whether or non we are confronting a revolution in encephalon constructions, it is however true that experience is able to change our cognitive capablenesss. What is still to be established is whether engineerings are doing us smarter, like Digital Natives upholders claims, or lazier and less able, like some observers ( Carr, 2008 ; 2010 ) suggest. Obviously there is no clear reply, but both Carr and Prensky agree on the fact that something got lost with the diffusion of Digital Technologies and the list includes deep processing, contemplation and crit ical thought. Similar observations are made by Frand ( 2000 ) in his analysis of the effects of the test and mistake attack. The writer expresses concerns whether pupils who can non deduce an reply from utilizing test and mistake are prepared to prosecute in deep analyses. The undermentioned hypothesis is hence stated: H6: Students with a higher grade of ‘Digital Nativeness ‘ will demo a lower grade of Critical Thinking Literature suggests that Digital Natives thrive when multitasking, parallel processing and surface thought. In a fast-paced universe, these accomplishments might possibly be more of import, as is suggested by Digital Native upholders. Are the current scrutiny and learning methods tapping those accomplishments? To happen out, this survey is besides looking at the correlativity between the Digital Nativeness concept and the pupils ‘ Academic public presentations.Academic Performances ( Grade Point Average )There is a whole organic structure of literature that investigated the relationship of academic motive with academic public presentation. Different motivational attacks have been used by different writers: anticipation value theory ( e.g. Berndt and Miller, 1990 ) end theory ( e.g. Meece and Holt, 1993 ) self-efficacy theory ( e.g. Zimmerman et al. , 1992 ) , and self-government theory ( e.g. Grolnick et al. , 1991 ) . In general, such researches reveal that academic motive pos itively influences academic public presentations. In this survey both the Self finding theory ( for the Amotivation concept ) and the end theory ( for the achievement end orientation and work turning away concepts ) models are employed. Amotivation has been proved to be an first-class index of GPA ( Karsenti and Gilles, 1995 ) and to be related with negative results ( Deci and Ryan, 1985, Vallerand 1997 ) . Similarly, work avoidant pupil are likely non to prosecute with schoolroom work and impact negatively their accomplishment. Furthermore, larning disaffection has been proved to hold an reverse relation to academic accomplishment ( Johnson, 2005 ) . Within the achievement end orientation model, performance-approach ends, as antecedently stated, have been proved to foretell positively public presentation attainment. Harackiewicz et Al. ( 2002 ) supply a reappraisal of a series of research that systematically demonstrates that performance-approach ends are the lone accomplishment ends that are positively related to existent public presentation ( e.g. semester GPA, exam public presentation and concluding class ) . This means that alternatively of favoring content command, pedagogues could really promote pupils to follow performance-approach ends in order to actuate them to win. Sing the direct relationship between Digital Nativeness and GPA, Kvavik ( 2005 ) found no important relationship between computing machine accomplishments and GPA. Similarly, in the same survey no relationship between GPA and penchant for engineering in the schoolroom was found. Unsurprisingly, pupils with lowest GPAs were found to pass more clip playing computing machine games, whereas pupil with highest GPAs pass more clip utilizing the computing machine in support of schoolroom activities ( Kvavik, 2005 ) . However, the effects that the Digital Natives ‘ mentality and survey penchants have on GPA have ne'er been considered before. By including the go-between consequence of amotivation, work-avoidance, critical thought and performance-approach end orientation, this relationship is investigated, ensuing in the undermentioned theoretical theoretical account: Amotivation H1 H5 Work Avoidance H2, H4 4 Academic Performance Digital Nativeness H3 Performance Approach H6 Critical Thinking As the theoretical account shows, viing hypothesis H2 and H4 are a consequence of the on-going Digital Natives argument and the opposite positions spliting skeptics and partisans. Rather than accepting one hypothesis over another, this survey investigates whether engineering is traveling to hold a positive ( H4 ) or a negative impact ( H2 ) on Academic public presentation, as a consequence of the considered go-betweens ( Amotivation, Work Avoidance and Performance Approach Orientation ) .Selling deductionsAchievement end orientations have been proved to be related with occupation Motivation i? Prosecuting worker through Digital Technologies = Internal Marketing Orientation. Technology spontaneously delight clients Herzberg ‘s two-factor theory [ 21 ] , Maslow ‘s hierarchy of demands [ 32 ] , and McGregor ‘s theories [ 34 ] F. Herzberg, Work and the Nature of Man. World, Cleveland, OH, 1966. A.H. Maslow, Motivation and Personality. Harper & A ; Row, New York, 1970. D. McGregor, The Human Side of Enterprise. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 1960. The theoretical foundation includes besides the work of Vroom

Internet Freedom And Political Oppression - 1454 Words

An immensely prominent aspect of today’s society is technology, which has provided the world with the internet. Though the internet has provided many positive benefits, it has also brought along many negative aspects. In Evgeny Morozov’s article, â€Å"Technology’s Role in Revolution. Internet Freedom and Political Oppression† the authors argument revolves around cyber-utopianism and realism in regard to the internets actual function. Morozov’s article attempts to convince the reader the internet is a rather negative tool due to how the function of the internet has been more beneficial to governments by allowing the spread of propaganda and legitimacy, and its aid in authoritarianism. Morozov mainly focuses on how many people often seem to forget how the internet carries negative aspects, resulting in cyber utopianism, â€Å"a naà ¯ve belief in the emancipatory nature of online communication that rests on a stubborn refusal to acknowledge its dow nsides.† Morozov argues that cyber utopianism is not a realistic way of viewing the internet due to how the internet operates throughout different countries and because of the effect the internet has had on authoritarianism. Instead of the internet being a tool for the oppressed, Morozov suggests that it has become a bigger aid to governments. Though I do think that the internet is an important aid in helping with world issues, I do agree that there are more negative consequences. 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